The best way to discrern the spiritualities is to look at websites and see how various communities describe themselves. The things that set each community apart from the other:
How they pray: how often, what type (Liturgy of the Hours, Mass, adoration, Rosary, spiritual reading)
What their community life is like
And what their apostalate is
The most basic explanation I can give is this: (This is only to my understanding. If I make an error, someone please correct me!)
Franciscan: Following the path of St. Francis and St. Clare of Asissi, with a particular emphasis on poverty. Prayer is both contemplative and active, with an emphasis on serving those who are very poor and rejected by society. They identify especially with Christ as one who is poor, born in a humble manger or left alone hanging on the Cross. Other Famous Saints of the Franciscan spirituality: St. Anthony of Padua, St. Pio of Pietrelcina, and St. Maximillian Kolbe.
Dominican: founded by St. Dominic to battle the heretics, they have a particular emphasis on seeking and preaching Truth (thus they are called the Order of the Preachers). Two mottos you often see associated with the Dominicans: "To praise, To Bless, To Preach" and "To share with others the fruits of contemplation." There is also a strong Marian devotion within the community as many believe that Mary gave the Rosary to St. Dominic. Popular saints include: Catherine of Siena and Thomas Aquinas.
Carmelite: Particular emphasis on all types of prayer: especially liturgy, lectio divina and solitude- as a means of attaining union with God. A short article (
here) by St. Elizabeth of the Trinity can give you a better explanation than I. Famous Saints include: St. Teresa of Avila, St. John of the Cross, St. Therese of Lisieux, St. Elizabeth of the Trinity, and St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (St. Edith Stein).
Benedictine: Founded by Benedict who envisioned a monastic life of balanced work and prayer, they especially find God in the daily and the ordinary circumstances of their life.
This seems to be a good description of the Beneditine spirituality. Well-known saints are: Scholastica, Anselm, and Bede.
This is just a general overview of some of the more popular ones on the phorum. Of course, there are hundreds more within our Church, which (personally) is one of her greatest treasures. Others include: Ignatian, Salesian, Missionary of Charity, Augustinian, and Vincentian, just to name a few. I hope I helped a bit!
In Jesus and Mary, Lauren